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Graffiti has, over the last 25 years, become a common site along the right-of-ways of nearly every railway in North America, Europe, and other parts of the world. What we know as Modern Graffiti, characterized by spray-painted pseudonyms done more as an artistic statement than gang-related "turf-boundaries" first appeared on trains of any form in New York in the 1970's. The New York city subway system was literally covered in graffiti inside, and outside of their cars until significant action by the MTA was put in place to beef up security, clean up the cars, and protect them from future vandalism. This was called the "Clean Train Movement" which began in May, 1989. In the years that followed, the graffiti vandals, known as "taggers" eventually realized the futile, and often dangerous attempts to "bomb" (Spray graffiti upon a surface) the MTA's subways was too much risk to incur on a regular basis. By the late 1980's graffiti started to appear on freight railroad rolling stock. Pioneers such as "Zephyr" looked to freight equipment as a way to "virally" spread their art across the country on the side of a boxcar.